Drug Abuse And Its Effects - 1701 Words

Drug abuse has been an issue since before the 20th century. Various artists, such as Elvis Presley and the Rolling Stones were addicted to drugs in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, in the 21st century, substance abuse is more common. Drug abuse can affect people in various aspects of life. In the following paragraphs you will read about circumstances that lead to drug abuse, how the environment that one lives in can promote drug use, how drug abuse affects people in different stages of their lives, and what can be done as a preventive measure. What leads people to drug abuse? There are several factors that can lead to drug abuse, such as media and the environment in which a person grows up. â€Å"In the United States, 13-17 year olds spend more time watching television and listening to music†¦than they do in school,† (Boyd and Bee, 2006). In my experience, I have seen movies and heard music that promotes drug use. I can understand and agree with the statement previously quoted by Boyd and Bee. One example of a movie that shows drug use is the movie â€Å"Friday†. In this movie there are various scenes that show the actors smoking marijuana. In one particular scene, the main actors were on the porch smoking marijuana as they boasted about how good it was not to have a job, collecting unemployment, and being able to smoke marijuana all day. In this present time, many people live their lives as the two actors did in the movie. Boyd also mentioned that music plays a major role inShow MoreRelatedEffe cts Of Drug Abuse905 Words   |  4 Pagesfocusing about drug abuse, in terms of how it affects the body and the sufferer’s life around them, what factors make you more susceptible to drug abuse and what advice and support groups available to help those suffering from drug abuse, and eventually hope to meet my aim of raising awareness of the issue of drug abuse and the support groups in the local area -Aberdeenshire-. The report was requested by lecturer Antony Togneri at Nescol College by the 17th November 2017. What are Drug: Drugs are substancesRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects904 Words   |  4 Pagesafter for the simple fact that they work and provide long term effects for the patients in most cases. In regards to drug treatment programs, we have a lot of work to do. In reality, the ideal thing would be to start from scratch and move on, but that is not reality. Something needs to be done and fast or the issue will only get worse. Drug abuse has a stigma that follows it and this stigma is not good. It s very negative. People label drug users/abuser very negatively and this is not motivating forRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects1907 Words   |  8 Pageshave been many drugs created over the years to help lessen or diminish sicknesses. However, there are people that have abused these drugs to reach a certain high and this is considered abuse. The people that do this could do it out of boredom or curiosity. Some may even feel that it will help them escape from the problems that they are faced with or fill a void in their life. No matter what the reasoning is for them the outcome remains the same. The body becomes used to the drugs they are abusingRead MoreDrug Abuse Effects1320 Words   |  6 PagesDrug abuse is a major public health issue that impacts society both directly and indirectly; every person, every community is somehow affected by drug abuse and addiction and this economic burden is not exclusive to those who use substance, it inevitably impacts those who dont. Drugs impact our society in various ways including but not limited to lost earnings, health care expenditures, costs associated with crime, accidents, and deaths. The use of licit or illicit drugs long term, causes millionsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects1391 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: Drug abuse is a serious issue in today’s society. Drug abuse is a pattern of using a substance (drug) that leads to a serious problems or distress. 7% of people experience drug abuse one point of their lives. Drug use doesn’t automatically lead to drug abuse, it depends on how much you use. There is no specific level to were drug using moves from casual to becoming a serious problem. 2. Types of drugs/what are they: There are three main types of drugs that people use and theyRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects1391 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: Drug abuse is a serious issue in today’s society. Drug abuse is a pattern of using a substance (drug) that leads to a serious problems or distress. 7% of people experience drug abuse one point of their lives. Drug use doesn’t automatically lead to drug abuse, it depends on how much you use. There is no specific level to were drug using moves from casual to becoming a serious problem. 2. Types of drugs/what are they: There are three main types of drugs that people use and theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Society Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageshave all felt the effects of drug abuse. In other words, whether it affects an individual directly or indirectly every person has seen or felt the negative effects of drug abuse in our society. The ultimate question, is why does such an abounding amount of Americans abuse illicit drugs, and how does it affect us as a nation? Moreover, something such as this doesn t occur for without a distinct cause, there must be something occurring in our society that creates these illicit drug abusers. CorrespondinglyRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Its Effects952 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, in a way other than as prescribed, or for the experience or feelings elicited.† Prescription Drugs are ranked number two in drugs abused (Volkow 7). The most common prescription drugs abused are opioids, central nervous system depressants, and stimulants. Opioids were meant to treat pain. CNS depressants are meant to treat sleep disorders and anxiety. Stimulants treat sleep disorders, narcolepsy and ADHD (unknown 8) WhatRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Adolescents957 Words   |  4 Pageslead adolescents into addiction or drug abuse. Research shows that teenagers are at increased risk of poor mental health, antisocial behavior and risk-taking behavior such as substance misuse (Raising Children Network, 2014). Drug abuse can be the abuse of any drugs without necessarily becoming dependent on the other hand drug addiction is the inability to stop using the drug whereas it becomes a cyclic dependency that takes over the individual life. Drug abuse is a voluntary action that can laterRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On America1350 Words   |  6 PagesDrug abuse in America is evidently a huge problem, yet remains to be mis understood by many people. Elizabeth Foy Larsen writes a strong, informative article about a young woman named Brittany who has fallen to drug abuse. Brittany was a drug free, well rounded student with great potential just like many other young adults in America. However, one occasion flipped her life completely upside down. She had gotten her wisdom teeth removed and received prescription medication to reduce her pain. She soon

The Industrial Revolution Lead The Foundation For Some Of...

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution lead the foundation for some of the technology we have today. It is also created jobs for many, and made small cities double overnight. All those listed makes the Industrial Revolution seem great however it was not all too pleasant and many people from children to adults lost their lives due to this technology boom, over population also happen due to this revolution as well. Thankfully most of the awful things the Industrial Revolution created is now either non-existing or changed for the better. The Industrial Revolution mainly started in Great Britain during the early 19th century. The reasoning behind the revolution starting in Great Britain maybe be due to the textile companies that was using Britain s large amount of cotton to make t shirts, hats, and more. The British invented machines in order to make these materials faster and cheaper than it was originally. According to essayjudge.com â€Å"Great Britain industrialized first because they had access to abundant natural resources, they had enough money, machines and ideas from the Agriculture Revolution, there were enough people to support the demand for workers, and the government was very keen on improving the country’s economy.† Many highly smart scientist were also living in Great Britain at the time playing another huge role in the Industrial Revolution starting in Britain. One of these scientist was John Kay who invented the Flying Shuttle which was aShow MoreRelated American Industrialization Es say501 Words   |  3 Pages Had it not been for the American industrialization, we would not enjoy the technology we have in the year 2002. The reason we have this technology is that between those years a great change in the world’s history was made. People started to discover faster methods of producing goods, which increased their economy. However, this industrialization had no effects on society. Society then was still very poor in some areas, but later on in the future the United States becomes the richest and most powerfulRead More The European Expansion and its Effects on the World Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pagesby science.† (p. 403) The European scientific revolution was fueled by the blending of â€Å"liberal† and â€Å"servile† arts, in other words, science and technology. Because of the European expansion taking place throughout the world, new commerce and industries were advancing, creating the need for new technology and science. The theorie s and inventions that Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton provided were the fist major advances during the scientific revolution, and perhaps were the most profound. The EuropeanRead MoreThe Impact Of Industrialization On Society During The Industrial Revolution1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Examine in detail the History of the Industrial Revolution. Discuss why Britain led the way in the Industrial Revolution and also explain in detail the effects of industrialization on society. Had it not been for the industrial revolution, I would doubt very much that we would enjoy the technology we have in the year 2000. The reason we have this technology is that between the years 1750 and 1914 a great change in the world s history was made. People started to discoverRead MoreThe Impact Of Industrialization On Society During The Industrial Revolution1721 Words   |  7 Pages Examine in detail the History of the Industrial Revolution. Discuss why Britain led the way in the Industrial Revolution and also explain in detail the effects of industrialization on society. Had it not been for the industrial revolution, I would doubt very much that we would enjoy the technology we have in the year 2000. The reason we have this technology is that between the years 1750 and 1914 a great change in the world s history was made. People started to discover faster methods of producingRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was an important milestone in history and influenced almost every part of the standard of living. From the new discoveries in technology there became new jobs available, which presented new working conditions, and the middle class had a new outlook on life. During the 19th century, changes and new ideas formed what would advance the modern world, the shift from an agricultural and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). Goods like coal, iron, andRead MoreA Brief Look at the Industrial Revolution1130 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution b egan in 19th century England and eventually spread to Belgium, France, Germany, the United States and Japan. It was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, due to the Agrarian Revolution and new technology; it altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution, a major turning point in world history, began in England because of the important pre existing economic abundance of natural resources that fueled industry, the agricultural revolution which providedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century973 Words   |  4 Pages The industrial revolution was a time of urbanisation, social and technological change that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic growth changed the British peoples experiences in all aspects of their lives including how they worked and travelled. Although it was harsh period of time for millions of people, due to the working conditions, it was also an advantage as it was a world-changing period of time. Before the industrial revolution took place, people lived their lives in aRead MoreThe Mayor Of Casterbridge Critical Analysis1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe Interpolation of Industrial Culture into Agrarian Society in The Mayor of Casterbridge In recent decades, American culture has shifted away from its long established ideals, globalization has depolarized the world, changing the landscape for gender equality, and exponentially advancing technology. These changes have occurred throughout history, constantly evolving the world to adapt to different problems. Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge shows the establishment of new trends in societyRead MoreThe Best And Worst Of The American Industrial Revolution1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe Best and Worst of the American Industrial Revolution Paradoxes as well as contradictions have been expressed in describing previous time periods. Stated from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times...for the good or for the evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only† (Dickens 1). Specifically, Dickens had referred this quote to a French revolution, but the statement can pertain to many other historical events and continues throughRead MoreThe First Era Of Industrialization1625 Words   |  7 Pagesabout this period. One song depicted a man who could â€Å"hatch eggs by thousands; all by steam†.[1] With more factories and more efficient means of production, more commodities became available to the public for consumption. The first era of the industrial revolution drastically changed the way America functions as a consumer society. The second period of industrialization altered how America functions as a capitalistic society. After the Civil War, the next e ra of industrialization began in America. Businesses

Gas Prices Rising Essay Research Paper It free essay sample

Gas Prices Rising Essay, Research Paper It won # 8217 ; t be a rerun of the 1970 # 8217 ; s, when long lines at the gasolene pumps spelled large problem for politicians, but surging gasolene monetary values are expected to go a serious issue in the 2000 election run by early summer. Since last month gas monetary values have rose at the rate of 10 cents every hebdomad. Monetary values will go on to increase over the following month and threw the summer. Forecasters expect oil monetary values and gasolene monetary values to maintain lifting through the spring, no affair what the disposal or Congress does, and oil companies traditionally raise gasolene monetary values aggressively merely before the memorial twenty-four hours weekend, the start of holiday season. Billowing crude oil monetary values pushed the rising prices rate in February to its highest degree in three old ages, the Labor Department reported yesterday. Most of last month # 8217 ; s addition of 0. 5 per centum ; the largest one-month rise since last April ; reflected the tally up in crude oil monetary values. Gasoline at the pump averaged $ 1.42 a gallon, up from $ 1.36 in January. During the past month, Charles Winter has boosted the monetary value of gasolene at this Burien service station from $ 1.24 a gallon to $ 1.56 a gallon. Winter says he has no pick. Each hebdomad a oiler truck re supplies Charlie # 8217 ; s Exxon, and each hebdomad he gets a higher measure for the fuel. # 8220 ; A batch of my clients are disquieted about this, but I don # 8217 ; Ts know when it # 8217 ; s traveling to stop, # 8221 ; Winter said. On Tuesday, at north 205th Street. In Shoreline, most drivers were willing to digest a 15-20 minute delay to make full up their armored combat vehicles with $ 1.41 a gallon habitue unleaded gasolene. Monetary values elsewhere on 205th were approximately $ 1.55 a gallon. The rapid monetary value rise reflects a dramatic tightening in universe oil markets from a twelvemonth ago when U.S gasolene monetary values averaged $ 1.05 cents a gallon. The turnaround in oil monetary values began last twelvemonth as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) ; after twelvemonth of attempted cooperation ; eventually agreed on production bounds. And the U.S, the monetary value rush has been accelerated by cold conditions in the Northeast, hiking the demand for heating oil. Problems at refineries have besides tightened gasolene supplies. As monetary values rise, force per unit area addition on OPEC to increase production. Much depends on a March 27 meeting, and U.S functionaries are optimistic bring forthing mations will seek to hike oil net incomes. As of this hebdomad, gasolene stocks stood at 197 million barrels, compared with 224 million barrels a twelvemonth ago, harmonizing to the Energy Department. Crude oil stocks were at 286 million bar rels, 50 million fewer barrels than last twelvemonth and good below historic degrees for this clip of the twelvemonth. In the past 3 hebdomads, refineries on norm were running at about 85 per centum capacity, compared with about 92 per centum at the same clip a twelvemonth ago. Besides rough monetary values were $ 12 a barrel twelvemonth ago compared with $ 30 a barrel today. But while the monetary values will likely put records in strictly numerical footings, they will still be 40 perent lower when adjuste vitamin D fro rising prices than they were at their all clip high, in March 1981, the Energy Department said. And they will be 16 per centum lower when adjusted fro rising prices than they were tardily in 1990, during the Persian Gulf War. For the 11 OPEC states, oil is a critical resource, a black gold that has turned adust lands and jungles into billion-dollar economic systems with unfathomably deep pockets. But OPEC # 8217 ; s members besides include some of the most economically troubled states on Earth, where oil net incomes prop up governments and supply the ointment that sooth s societal and political tensenesss ; every bit long as monetary value per barrel is high. While each instance is alone, there is a common yarn among the OPEC states: they are # 8220 ; one harvest # 8221 ; states where oil virtually the lone export. Its easy and unchecked net incomes lead to corruptness, maltreatment and, even in the most crystalline states, a inclination to disregard the development of other economic sectors. # 8221 ; They use the money to maintain themselves in power, purchasing weaponries, constructing mega undertakings merely for show ; making everything they shouldn # 8217 ; t be making instead than making occupa tions and puting in other employment sectors, # 8221 ; said Robert Ebel, manager of the Energy and National Security Program at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies. Since OPEC was started in 1960 with five establishing members, several other oil-producing states have realized the benefits of belonging to an sole nine that fixes petroleum production and keeps geographic expedition of new Fieldss to a lower limit in order to keep high net incomes. # 8221 ; There # 8217 ; s strength through togetherness, # 8221 ; said the Center for Strategic and International Studies # 8217 ; Robert Ebel. # 8221 ; They can look back now and see what lind of state of affairs they were in last twelvemonth with oil below $ 10 a barrel. It gives them assurance in their ability to restrict production in the hereafter. Oil exporting states may hike production shortly to ease the acute deficit that has seen petroleum monetary values climb about $ 32 a barrel, but the extra oil, even if pumped instantly, # 8221 ; would doubtless be excessively late # 8221 ; to maintain gasolene monetary values from lifting, an Energy Department study said. No affair what production determinations are made, # 8220 ; retail gasolene monetary values are poised to billow to unprecedented degrees before the spring is out, # 8221 ; the study said. It said U.S gasolene stocks were # 8221 ; alarmingly low, # 8221 ; and that the state is # 8221 ; traveling into chartless district # 8221 ; every bit far as gasolene markets are concerned. The analysis cautioned that monetary values could spike much higher in some parts of the state, including California, which historically has had higher monetary values, doing $ 2 a agllon regular gasolene a chance in some countries. Gas monetary values in Virginia are about 6 per centum below the national norm. AAA # 8217 ; s February norm for Virginia was $ 1.29 for a gallon of ego service habitue, compared to $ 1.39 nationally. A gallon in Hampton Roads averaged $ 1.32. Gasoline monetary values in New Jersey tend to be lower because of lower revenue enhancements and the propinquity to major refineries

Being Conservative Essay Example For Students

Being Conservative Essay As my friends and I enter a nearby McDonalds down the street, we all have one thing on our minds, food. A number nine, one of my friends calls out, with an apple pie. Ill take a number three with extra mayo, another one of my friends says. Finally, it is my turn to order. Hmm, I think to myself. I am not going to eat because then Ill have to pay. I figured if I said I wasnt hungry then my friends will offer me their food, and in the end I wouldnt have to pull out my wallet. A lesson of how to budget money is to be learned from this situation. Many times in everyday life, you must learn how to save money, in other word being what I like to call tite, or tight, as it is commonly known. Being tight, in fact, is a sure way to save money. So, if you are on a budget, the instructions that follow provide the best policy. Eventually, you will have to pay for or share something. Thus, you should learn how to be tight to avoid these certain situations as much as possible. First and foremost, before you decide to be tight, you must understand the concept of a good excuse. For instance, saying you dont have money and then going to the mall and buying an eighty-dollar shirt cannot easily be justified; however, your purchase can be justified if you claim your girlfriend bought the shirt for you. In addition, another good excuse when trying to avoid these situations is saying that you forgot your wallet at home. The leaving your wallet at home excuse is the most common excuse known to tight people. When you are stuck in a situation where you are about to be called tight, this excuse always does the trick. However, you shouldnt overuse this excuse because just like a pair of tennis shoes it gets worn out quickly. When you are hungry, it is always important to check how much money is present in your wallet. If, after looking at your wallet and finding that you are no longer hungry, wait for others to invite you to eat, for an invitation to eat is a sure ticket in not paying for the meal. So be calm and be tight and let others treat you to a meal, which you dont have to pay. In the end, your hunger will be satisfied and your wallet will still be full. Knowing who you are eating with is also important in being tight. If the party you are eating with is tighter than you are, suggest driving in two separate cars. Tell your party you will meet them there. Yet, before you leave for the restaurant, make sure to tell your party to order your food for you. Give them an excuse and tell them youll be late and will not have time to eat. Then, by the time you get there, your  food will be ready and free, for your friends would have made it their business to pay for the food. Again as noted, a good excuse should always be made to avoid paying for your food. However, if your plan does not succeed, go to plan B, which encompass the realm of eating off your friends plate to satisfy the hunger of your stomach and the drive for saving money in your wallet. However, as a warning, all plans may lose their effect after prolong use. So, it is crucial for you to alternate your plans and excuses as much as possible. Always view the situation at all angles. Remember, in order to be a good tightwad, a person who is tight, you should always take into consideration the techniques you use in being tight. Soon, someone will catch on to your technique; therefore, change your behavior and pay for a meal every now and then. Yet, before you pay, remember that next time your friends will pay for you. Last but not least, always take into consideration paying for a meal when the total amount is small and save the large amounts for your much wealthier friends. .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 , .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .postImageUrl , .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 , .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2:hover , .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2:visited , .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2:active { border:0!important; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2:active , .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2 .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4cc07d9abb08bde4823fecd0ce2847c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gravity EssayLike the money in our pockets, so are the days of our lives. Much too often we let others pay for our meals; however, the satisfaction of our full wallets constantly remind us of the drive for more techniques. Thus, we let our imaginations make the excuses, which enable us to enjoy a free meal. In addition, our passions are much too strong to stop the wealthy and friendly in treating us to their free meals. Therefore, we must let our wallets be the guiding light to our hunger, for in the end we will have learned the art of what is most commonly known as tight.

Environment Pollution and Mumbai Essay Example

Environment: Pollution and Mumbai Paper This paper presents the dynamics of environmental problems in Iambi city. An evolution concept is applied to study the present environmental status of Iambi. In order to study its dynamics, the entire process of environmental evolution is divided into four types biz. Poverty related environmental issues, industrialization- and arbitration-related environmental issues, rapid economic growth-related environmental issues and wealthy lifestyle-related environmental issues. Dynamics of suitable indicators for all the above issues over the economic development has been studied. Temporal representation of respective indicator for each type of the environmental problem presented the distribution of these types of environmental problems on a longitudinal scale. In the analysis it is found that, at present Iambi has prevalence to rapid economic development- related environmental problems. Overpopulated environmental issues show very little significance. Industrialization– and urban-related environmental issues coexist with rapid economic development-related environmental issues. This provides the necessary inputs to city planner so as to avoid various environmental costs that other cities have already experienced. Introduction Bombay, since independence, has been the center for development and financial activities of India. Minus. Yodel Nadir Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Vida Mark, Gorgon(E), 400 065 Iambi, India E- mail: [email protected] Mom Present address: S. Yodel Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 240 01 15 Yamaha, Gangway, Japan 1 actuating sector has been the major force in Bombay creating potential for employment, and that had resulted in migration of rural population. This influx has created an increased demand for sharing the limited public resources and infrastructure available in the island city. We will write a custom essay sample on Environment: Pollution and Mumbai specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environment: Pollution and Mumbai specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environment: Pollution and Mumbai specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the place became scarce the real estate value shot up driving the public to the suburbs. As a result, expansion of Greater Bombay in 1971 was almost entirely due to its suburbs’ groom. In 1 981 the city’s population of 3. 3 million was far outpaced by the suburb population of 5 million (MAPI 1998). With these trends intuiting Bombay city, in the post-independence period has been facing severe resource constraints. This growth has further exacerbated the city’s problems by overstraining its services in catering to the hordes of commuters, all heading each morning for south Bombay where the port, business offices and administrative offices are located. High population growth, inward migration and arbitration put stress on resources. Increasing economic activity and per capita income further stresses the resources and â€Å"common goods† (BOMBARD 1996). This phenomenon creates a wider scope for increased environmental concerns, which are multifaceted ND also cross-sector. For various social and administrative reasons, Bombay was renamed as Iambi during late 1 sass. At present Iambi is the largest metropolitan city in India with very distinct characteristics as presented in Table 1 . Environmental management concerns In the history of Bombay, there is not much note Of environmental concerns. Being an island, Bombay has high assimilation potential, which made this city less environmentally concerned (Kombi 1986). However, in light with the above-described features, post-independence era of Iambi witnessed numerous developments, both economically and environmentally. Due to abundant employment opportunities, migration had been so predominant and till 1971 migrants constituted Bombay has been renamed as Iambi during late sass Table 1 Socio-economic indicators of Iambi Indicator Population Literacy rate Employment Per capita income Education Transport Pattern 1 1. 9 million as per 2001 census 1. % of total Indian population and 12% of Maharajah’s State population 82. 4% (national average is 65. 38%) 3. 43 lakes (0. 343 million) main workers and two-third in service sectors Jobs in manufacturing sectors are on a declining trend Almost double to the average state per capita income which in turn is higher than the Indian average Services sector on the whole accounts for 64% of the income generated in Iambi 42 students per teacher at primary school level 35 students per teacher in secondary/higher secondary school level 2,145 local train services per day 2,275 million passengers per day by local trains 4. Million passengers per day by BEST (State road transport system), which is the highest among all metropolitan cities in India 25% of domestic and 38% of international passenger traffic in India 26% of domestic and 40% international cargo in India Air traffic Source: Census of India (2001), SEEMS (2002), http://www. Indicates. Com, http:// www. Bombardiers. Org the major population growth in Iambi. This has created a wider set of environmental problems biz. Lack of sanitation facilities, lack of drinking water, increased incidence of cholera. Rapid industrialization took place with most of the industrial clusters located in the vicinity of Chamber, which turned it into a â€Å"gas chamber with exceedingly high concentrations of air pollution (Pariah et al. 1995). Increased economic activity resulted in steep rise in transport demands and the vehicular stock. Increased stock of automobiles, most of them being used for decades together, created numerous environmental problems. Ambient air concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (CPM), Nitrogen Oxides (Knox) and other hydrocarbons have crossed the allowable limits creating health problems to the Iambi public (World Bank 1997). Increased incidence of tuberculosis was observed, and it is an indicator of the impacts of pollution on Iambi population (Pariah et al. 1995). Urban transport sector is known for contributing greenhouse gas (GOGH) to the atmosphere. With further economic development and the influence of esters â€Å"throw away†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ cultures, new environmental problems have started cropping up, and increased per capita generation of municipal solid waste (MS) is an example of such development. Lack of appropriate recycling system and infrastructure adds to the problem. Increased per capita energy consumption, particularly in an unsustainable way, creates much more stress on the environment. With the economic development of the city the set of environmental problems keeps changing. It is clear from the above description that the concerns of environmental management follow a trend: Poverty-related issue?rapid industrialization issues?rapid economic growth- related issues?wealthy lifestyle-related issues. As these issues are cross- sector in nature, conventional environmental management dealing with a particular type of problem fails to address the indirect impacts resulting from environmental issues. Therefore, it is essential to adopt a macro approach with an evolutionary perspective. Environmental evolution: concept and development In cities like Iambi, the arbitration process is coupled with industrialization and followed by rapid economic growth. As explained by ABA 2001), in this process, words like â€Å"change† or â€Å"growth† can describe the situation far more adequately than â€Å"equilibrium† which makes the dynamic viewpoint an inevitable feature in dealing with the urban environment and its management. The municipalities, which in most countries are the responsible bodies for environmental management, lack long-term understanding and planning of environment. They deal with the environment â€Å"as it comes to them†. With such an approach, decisions often tend to be shortsighted and lack broadness in scope. As many of the cities are undergoing rapid change owe, the environmentally benign future of these cities can still be shaped, at least partly. If these cities can learn from the successful experiences as well as failures of other cities, they might avoid paying some of the unnecessary environmental costs their fellow cities have paid (e. G. Heavy industrial pollution due to the use of primitive technologies). For this purpose, it is essential to have a systematic understanding of how urban environments change and what drives the change. So far, the dynamic feature of the urban environment is treated as a risk rather than an opportunity. It is often shadowed by the overwhelming complexity of the issue. Viewing this as an opportunity needs an improved conceptual and theoretical understanding about what kind of changes are taking place in urban environment, and how the process is driven. In various studies, ABA and co-workers (ABA and Muar 2000; ABA 2001, 2002) have explained the evolutionary viewpoint of the urban environmental change with empirical evidences from East Asian cities like Tokyo, Seoul, where the most rapid social, economic and environmental changes have taken place over the last several decades. The importance of introducing the temporal dimension and an ecological viewpoint in urban environmental studies was pointed out by Douglas (1988) in his study of Manchester City, England, in which he linked urban growth, physical change and human impact succession. In addition to the temporal dimension, ABA and Muar (2000) further emphasized the importance of viewing urban environmental change as an evolutionary’ process. Often environmental problems are cross-sector an d complex. Categorization of these issues into several types helps to reduce the complexity of the issue. This categorization loud be done based on various parameters like type of impacts, driving forces, etc. Taking into consideration these different driving forces and the spatial scale of the impacts of these problems, ABA and Muar (2000) categorized urban environmental problems into three types: poverty-related issues, rapid-growth and production-related issues and consumption or wealthy lifestyle-related issues. Based on the available literature and criteria used by other researchers (ABA and Muar 2000; Sweatshirts 1997; World Resources Institute 1997), environmental problems in Iambi are categorized into four groups biz. Poverty-related issues, rapid industrialization- and arbitration-related issues, rapid economic growth-related issues and wealthy lifestyle-related issues. This helps in better understanding of the dynamic process of change in a developing city like Iambi. Table 2 presents typical issues under each category and the major impacts associated and scale of impact. Behavioral patterns of typical issue Poverty-related issues of environmental management are prevalent when the economy is low. Lack of safe drinking water and sanitation resulting in health problems is a classical example of poverty-related environmental issues. Malnutrition results in increasing infant mortality rates (MIR). As the economy rises, income levels grow and it results in controlling these issues. This falling trend of poverty-related issues continue until the level reaches a significant low. This could be due to the fact that the growing income provides additional resources and capacity to improve public services. Macro-economic approach explains the environmental management and its behavior. When the economy is not strong, production-related activity receives the top priority leaving a wider scope for environment deterioration and resource depletion. After achieving a certain level of economic improvement the environment gets better due to the increasing affordability to take up pollution control measures and increased awareness and preference for cleaner environment among people. This pattern is often referred to as Environmental Junket Curve (EKE) (Hilton and Hank 1 998; World Bank 1992). Though it is not universally proved for all pollutants, EKE concept explains the behavior of most of the pollutants visit-a-visit economic development. The pattern of this inverted IS curve varies depending on the environmental regulations, tutorial changes in the economy, technological improvement, energy efficiency and trade. Category of consumption-related issues, rapid economic growth-related issues and wealthy lifestyle-related issues, does not improve with economy. They keep rising with the economy with a possible time lag between them. This trend is observed in cases like per capita MS generation, per capita carbon dioxide emissions, per capita energy consumption and other indicators (World bank 1992; LIND 2002). Reasons for this pattern could be?most of these problems are not of much significance for local governing bodies. As they are global in nature they could e easily externalities. Unlike the local pollution problems these issues fail to catch the public notice, as they are not directly harmful. Thus, there exists very little incentive for the municipal authorities to Types of urban environmental issues It is a convention to segregate the environmental-related problems into different segments for easy and efficient management of environment. Environmental problems are segmented into water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, solid waste problem, etc. Due to its easiness in handling and executing counter measure, most of the municipalities adopt this segmented tatter of environmental management. However, many environmental problems are not only cross-sector but also have external impacts which are not captured in the conventional approach of urban environmental management. This classification ceases the opportunity of synergies action between sectors involved in handling the environmental problems. For instance, focus on response strategies for air pollution control in Iambi could overlook its contribution to the GOGH emission problem. However, by focusing on transportation and related energy issue one can capture both the problems of air pollution and GOGH emissions. Better way to go about this cross-sector environmental problem is to identify the driving force or categorize them based on the type of impacts instead of sectors like air, water and solid waste. This approach provides an opportunity to capture the externalities (like health- and energy-related implications) of the environmental problems as well. This could encompass most of the direct and indirect indicators of environmental concern. Table 2 Categorization of environmental issues in Iambi Type Type I :Poverty-related issues Typical issues Low access to safe drinking water; intimidation of water bodies Causes Inadequate infrastructure; rapid population growth; income disparity Major impact Spatial extent of impacts Increased incidence of Local infant mortality; sanitation-related health impacts such as diarrhea, cholera Type II :illumination’s- Air pollution, water Rapid industrialization; Industrial pollution Local, regional and arbitration-related contamination; industrial low rates disasters like the one in issues solid waste; poor of emission treatment, lack of Opal, India; disturbance urban sanitation efficient management to the ecosystem; health robbers like tuberculosis due to air pollution Type Ill :Rapid economic CA emissions; Knox Increased mobility; Global warming; acid Local, regional growth-related issues emissions; noise pollution; more emphatic rains; heaps of garbage; municipal solid waste e conomic activity; less priority blockage of sewers on environment Type IV :Withy Overburdening of energy High consumption; rich lifestyle; Chemical ingredient and Regional, global lifestyle- related and natural resource; low incentives for improvement dioxin-caused issues dioxins abnormalities; overcorrection of resources Andre these issues of global importance while they have much more pressing issues to handle in local domain. The future trends of these issues are uncertain. The curves beyond a certain level of income could stabilize or even decline. But this trend could not be observed even from today’s richest states (ABA and Muar 2000). In spite of various government initiatives to change the consumption patterns, there is no evidence of any downward turn in these curves (COED 1998). For a poor economy like India, it is possible that the first two types of issues are prominent. However, in the case of Iambi, t is possible to notice both types Ill and IV, as the per capita income levels are much higher compared to the national average. Selection of indicators and analysis of trends For the analysis of the above-listed issues, their behavior with time and space, set of indicators are identified for each stage. These indicators are used to compare the characteristics of the current urban environmental situation. Indicators representing poverty-related environmental issues include population dynamics with detailed indicators such as total population and population growth rates; income levels with detailed indicators such as per pita income; nutrition, health and welfare issues with indicators such as MIR, death from infectious diseases, illiteracy ratio, per capita medical expenses; infrastructure and environmental pollution, with indicators such as access to drinkin g water and sanitation and incidence of diseases like cholera/ diarrhea. MIR was chosen as a representative indicator for this category of environmental problems. MIR is the result of malnutrition and is a good measure of the poverty in any city. There is multi-fold decrease in MIR, which is an indication of improved health in Iambi (Raw 1990). It is observed that Poverty-related issues are on a declining trend in Iambi. This is more substantiated by the fact that the Iambi water supply and sanitation status is improving over the last few decades (COM 2002; BOMBARD 1996). Indicators for the rapid industrialization and arbitration issues include the pattern of industrial growth in Iambi?number of units and employment generation history; GAP contribution of industrial sector; arbitration and employment patterns with indicators such as employment patterns, unemployment levels, arbitration ratio, migration levels; resource use and pollution with indicators such as electricity consumption by industries, CPM levels, SOX and Knox patterns, water contamination. Knox was chosen as a representative indicator for this category of environmental problems. Rapid economic growth phase had started with economic reforms in 1 993 and the pattern of many indicators had changed thereafter. This phenomenon is clearly observed in terms of foreign exchange earned (CAME 2001 http:// www. Indicates. Com). Other indicators for this stage of environmental problems are increase in vehicular stock, rise in energy demand, air pollution, GOGH emissions and electricity consumption. Electricity consumption was chosen as a representative indicator for this category of environmental problems. Electricity consumption in Iambi has increased substantially. Industry and commercial sectors have equal share in the electricity consumption. A steep rise from late 1 sass is observed (http:// www. Indicates. Com). This rise in consumption could be attributed to economic growth and increased per capita incomes as well as increased economic activity. Indicators for rich and wealthy lifestyle are not significant in Indian context. However, given the better economic status that Iambi enjoys among the Indian Intensity of the Problem (on normalized scale of 0-1) Fig. Illustration of different types of environmental problems spanned over economic growth in Iambi MIR MS KNOX Electricity 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 201 0 2020 Year cities, there are traces of these indicators showing significance in the case of Iambi. MS generation, electricity consumption, changes in petrol and gas reserves are the indicators of this category of issues. Percentage of growth in solid waste has increased considerably which is an indicator of increased institution patterns and rich lifestyle that Iambi public enjoys. MS management is one of those very serious problems that Iambi is facing at the moment (Sarnia 2004). MS was chosen as a representative indicator for this category of environmental problems. Therefore, the stage IV type issues are also identified and analyzed in Iambi. Though it is not possible to predict the future trends/behavior, it helps in assessing the â€Å"environmental status† of the city. Are closely clustered. This indicates that the three zones are coexisting in this city of high economic growth and promise. However, it is possible to identify which one is predominant and which one is in phasing out stage. Future trends of electricity consumption (stage Ill) and waste generation (stage IV) cannot be predicted. The projected values of MS clearly indicate the rising trend with time. A similar trend is observed with electricity also. As it can be seen from Fig. , Iambi at present stands at stage Ill facing more of rapid economic growth stage-related environmental issues. Poverty-related issues are not of major concern any more whereas there is a spillover from stage II, industrialization- and arbitration-related issues. Stage Ill issues and stage IV issues coexist in Iambi with both of them following rising trends. Acknowledgements This work is a part of urban Environment Project at ICES (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies), Japan. Author acknowledges with sincerity the suggestions given by Dry. Exhume ABA of AGES, Japan and research inputs and assistance provided by Mr.. Look Kumar and Ms. Joanna Piped at GUID, Iambi, India. Representative indicators from each stage of environmental problems biz. Poverty-related issues, industrialization- and arbitration-related issues, rapid economic growth-related issues and wealthy lifestyle-related issues are airmailed with respect to the corresponding maximum value so as to facilitate cross comparison on a longitudinal scale. In spite of the fact that Iambi presents one of the efficient public services in the country, poverty level is still high and overcrowding is causing lapses in the system. However, the significance of poverty-related environmental issue is not very high. The representative indicator under this category revealed a steep declining trend.

Math geography unit 1 review Essay Example

Math geography unit 1 review Essay Example Math geography unit 1 review Essay Math geography unit 1 review Essay Please identify the following terms defined below, then sketch the term in the space provided. An exact location in space with an indefinite shape and size. An object with no thickness that extends infinitely in two directions. Part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all the points in between. Part of a line consisting of one endpoint and extending infinitely in one direction. 5. Rays that share a common endpoint, but continue infinitely in opposite directions. A flat surface that continues infinitely in all directions. Points that lie on the same line. Points that do not lie on the same line. Points that lie on the same plane. 10. Points that do not lie on the same plane. REVIEW: ANGLE BASICS 11. A figure consisting of two non-collinear rays with a common endpoint. 12. The common endpoint of the two rays forming an angle. 13. An angle wit 14. N a measure less than An angle with a measure greater than 900 15. An angle with a measure of 900. 16. An angle with a measure of 1800. . Two angles that have a common vertex and side, but no common interior points. 18. Two non-adjacent angles formed by intersecting lines. 19. A pair of angles whose non-common sides are opposite rays. A pair of angles that add up to 1800. A pair of angles that add up to 900. A segment, ray, line, or plane that cuts an angle in half. Refer to the figure at right to name each of the following. 23. A line containing point A _ 24. A line passing through B: 25. Two points collinear with point

Unemployment in New England Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Unemployment in New England - Research Paper Example Over two hundred million individuals internationally are unwaged. This is a record elevated; nearly two thirds of progressed economies, as well as half of progressing nations are experiencing a deceleration in employment growth. Many divergent disparities of the unemployment rate subsist with dissimilar descriptions concerning who is a jobless person and who is in the work force. For instance, the U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics frequently cites the U-3 joblessness rate as the certified unemployment rate, but this description of unemployment does not encompass jobless workers who have become disheartened by a harsh labour market and have stopped hunting for work. The varied disciplines of economic thought diverge on their elucidation of the cause of joblessness. For instance, Keynesian economics supposes that there is a usual rate of joblessness because the aptitudes of labourers and the ranks available are somewhat out of sync even in excellent economic situation. Neoclassical econ omics delineates that the work force is effective if left alone. Nonetheless, the many intercessions, for instance, the minimum wage regulations and unionization create an imbalance of supply as well as demand. However, unemployment does not usually encompass scholars, retirees, kids or those not vigorously searching for a paying occupation. Unemployment has a multiplicity of descriptions. The first one defines the affiliates of a population that are vigorously hunting for work and have not found yet. The searching is usually over a certain period. The significant problem with this description is that, it negates individuals who have become dispirited and are no longer hunting for work. These individuals are not viewed as jobless given that these individuals might still have the desire to work (Noonan, p.1). Unemployment Rate There varied ways of calculating unemployment. Some individuals utilize certified payroll figures of hiring as well as firing, while other individuals utilize the number of individuals who apply for jobless benefits. Other techniques include sampling via phone calls among others that query whether there is any capable affiliate of the household who is jobless and hunting for work. The informal field of the economy also develops problems since these figures are accomplished primarily by estimates. Economists utilize the phrase Non Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment. This tries to institute a level of joblessness such that diminishing the level would develop scarcity of existing labour causing uphill pressure on salaries and potentially developing inflation. National statistical bodies utilize various ways to gauge unemployment. These variations might restrict the validity of global comparisons of unemployment figures. These variations to some extent remain even though national statistical bodies continue adopting the description of unemployment by the International Labour Organization. As a result, some institutions regulate data on joblessness for comparability across nations. Although varied individuals care about the figures of jobless individuals, economists usually focus on the joblessness rate. This approves for the natural increase in the number of individuals employed as a result of boosts in population and boosts, in the work force comparative to the population. The joblessness rate is usually

New Zealand Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New Zealand Economy - Essay Example The intermingled culture was a blend of their traditions to create a rich cultural mix; with the blend it threated the survival of the Maori people. The New Zealand`s Government is working to promote the growth of its people, as it tries to preserve its culture. The New Zealand people are working together with the government to promote the country so as to make it a better place to live for its people (Britton 4). The country was discovered in December 1642, by Tasman (Britton 4). It has an ocean environment that keeps the climate mild with the prevailing westerly winds; this causes fluctuation of temperatures and rainfalls from East to West. New Zealand experiences the four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn (Smelt 13). It is a rich and complex economy, with a unique society. The economy of New Zealand has been built for over a hundred and fifty years; some of the economic aspects were gotten from the Polynesian heritage, as well as the European culture (Hawke 1). The main economic activities of New Zealand were dependent on the success of wool, dairy, and meat export (Rewi 21). Like many other countries, New Zealand is in search of ways to boost its economic activity. New Zealand economic growth continued until the First World War, but there were economic interruptions. During the 1920s, the nation was marked with economic uncertainties, and in 1930s it experienced a great depres sion. New Zealand saw its exports restrained by limited growth of demand for meat, wool, and dairy products in 1920s, and was affected by the falling prices of these products in the 1930s. Hawke points out that â€Å"The depression of the 1930s was a major social political event in New Zealand’s history, even if the experience of poverty and unemployment was not great by international standards† (6). Export prices guided the recovery from the depression, while in the meantime, North American and European economies also recovered. The depression in New Zealand brought to power a Labor government, and when this government came across economic problems, it chose to use the unorthodox policies. The depression was combined with the efforts to protect the economy of New Zealand from international events. New Zealand’s economy changed during the 1930s with the regulation of imports and exchange controls, which linked to aspects of a reserved and secured economy (Hawke 6).New Zealand is a small open economy that relies on trade and financial markets trends to ensure output performance, and its vaporization linked to development in the rest of the world. The dependence on New Zealand’s growth leaves it vulnerable to economic performance in the market. Financial markets are an important passage way in which New Zealand’s business cycle is influenced by the United States economies (IMF 3). Robert Reich of Labor Party brought New Zealand to foresee the twenty-first century deficit of national products, corporations and industries. For many years, New Zealand`s economy was built on â€Å"free markets† and â€Å"free trade†, and investment seemed invincible (Kelsey 1).The enthusiasts wanted to advance the process more swiftly, but critics came up with ways to mitigate the unfavorable effects of globalization, particularly on the environment and labor. The â€Å"‘unrealistic critics’ denounced the growing inequal ities and poverty and warned of erosion of democracy and the potential for unregulated capitalism to implode† (Kelsey 1). After many years of fundamental theory-driven transition, it was surprising that the people of New Zealand of 1990 began to acknowledge the importance of their political and social world in Government

ENTERAL NUTRITION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENTERAL NUTRITION - Essay Example paper examines Weenen et al., (2014) research in relation to providing a systematic approach to achieving research prioritization in enteral nutrition. From the research conducted the results obtained were in relation to defining the disease areas that needed more attention, ranking importance of product characteristics of tube feeding and finally assessment of the involvement of KOLs in enteral nutrition (Fulbrook, Bongers & Albarran, 2007). Weenen et al., (2014) ranked three product characteristics and three disease areas that deserved more research attention by summarizing the overall scores by multiplying ranks for both products characteristics and disease areas. The results were seventeen qualitative interviews conducted, and seventy-seven questionnaires completed and returned, which was only thirty-five percent in proportions. The noted disease areas by Weenen et al., (2014) in oral nutritional supplements(ONS) and tube feeding with highest priorities are ONS, general malnutrition and geriatrics, composition and clinical evidence, taste from a KOL perspective and taste from a patient perspective. The paper by Weenen et al., (2014) is significant for the subject area in that it highlighted the involvement of KOLs in the identification of research priorities as they have ability to provide balanced view of the unmet patient needs. Weenen et al., (2014) stated that sixty-two percent of all KOLs gave advice to enteral nutrition companies on patient needs by influencing the setting of research priorities by enteral nutrition. This was a limitation of the quantitative research analysis undertaken on patient needs and enteral nutrition in the market. Additionally, there was a high discrepancy between product characteristic prioritization from a KOL and patient perspective. Fulbrook, Bongers & Albarran (2007) researched about European enteral nutrition and adult intensive care units and noted that so as to appropriately know the patients’ needs and enteral

Profile of Secondary Education in Kohat

Profile of Secondary Education in Kohat Education is basic in the life of man, which is able to sharpen his faculties of mind, and helps to grow harmoniously. This also helps to grow harmoniously in every sphere of life-Physical, intellectual social and emotional. Education plays vital role in the progress of a country. Education is a life long investment in human resources development. The quality and quantity of educated manpower determine the strength of a nation. All developed and educated countries have recognized the needs of intimate relation of education of life and needs of the community (Singhal, 1991). All the developed countries have the strong education structure system in their countries. The present structure of education in Pakistan is 5+3+2+2, primary stage, middle stage and then secondary and higher stage and at last higher education. The research study on the basis of secondary education so that it is emphasized on secondary level (IX-X). Secondary education is an important sub sector of the entire educational system. On the one hand, it provides the middle level workforce for the economy and other; it acts as a factor for the higher levels of education. Higher education, which expected to produce quality professionals in different fields, hinges on the quality of secondary education (Shah, 2007).Secondary education is a stage, where a student enters, adolescence. This is the most crucial stage of life. The basic perceptions and models of behavior start taking shape and problems of adjustment with the new role in life assume critical significance (Hussain, 2003). Secondary education holds pivotal position in education system of every country, for it is terminal stage for most of students and it also serves as a linkage stage between elementary stage and higher education. It provides input for higher education and thus quality of higher education is dependant upon secondary education (AIOU, 1997). In Pakistan it consists of four classes, 9th and 10th secondary education, and 11th and 12th higher secondary education. Secondary education (IX-XII) is an important sub-sector of the entire educational system. On the one hand, it provides the middle level work force for the economy and on the other it acts as a feeder for the higher levels of education. Higher education which is expected to produces quality professionals in different fields hinges on the quality of secondary education. This level of education, therefore, needs to be revamped in such a way that it prepares young men and women for the pursuit of higher education as well as prepares th em to adjust to their practical lives meaningfully and productively (Govt. of Pakistan, 1998). Khaliq (2000) proposed that Students have small problems, which can be solved with much less money and effort if identified earlier. If they are left unattended, they not only hinder the children in their classroom achievement but also become serious emotional problems later on. The most common problems at the secondary education levels are (a) Educational Problems (b) Financial Problems (c) Home Adjustment (d) Vocational Adjustment (e) Health Adjustment and (f) Personal and Social Problems. It is a fact that destiny of nation is shaped in the classrooms. This implies that education is the main source of progress and development. It can be said without hesitation that education is mostly responsible for the future of Pakistan. Through education, nation building process for the future citizens of the country is taken place. From this point of view, a lot of responsibilities lie with the educationist and the quality of education. Therefore, the education must be qualitative so that the students should develop necessary knowledge, skills, and attitude to perform their duties effectively. It is in this context that quality education becomes the most important ingredient to enhance the quality of life in any country. It is so worthwhile to raise some issues in this regard and think of their solution. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The present study was therefore conducted to problem and prospects of secondary education at district Kohat. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of the study were: To determine the present profile of secondary education in Kohat. To determine the needs of teachers for the secondary education. To determine the needs of students for the secondary education. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will help us to know about the major problems faced by secondary teachers. The most common problems at the secondary education levels are (a) Educational Problems (b) Financial Problems (c) Home Adjustment (d) Vocational Adjustment (e) Health Adjustment and (f) Personal and Social Problems. METHODS AND PROCEDURE POPULATION All the secondary schools in public sector of district Kohat, their heads, secondary school teachers and students of 10th class constituted the population of the study. SAMPLE Random sampling technique was used and description of sample was as followed. Sample of Schools Total twenty-four secondary schools in public sector were randomly selected. The proportion of boys and girls schools was fifty- fifty. Sample of Heads All the heads of already sampled twenty-four secondary schools of public (the proportion of public sector schools of boys and girls schools was equal) included in sample. Sample of Teachers Forty-eight teachers teaching secondary classes were randomly selected in which proportion of male female teachers was fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district, the proportion of the public male and female teachers was equal. Sample of Students One hundred and twenty students were randomly selected in which proportion of male female students was fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district the proportion of the public and private and male and female students were equal. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS The researcher prepared three questionnaires using five-point scale. Questionnaires were used as a research instruments.. Questionnaire for Heads of Secondary Schools. Questionnaire for Teachers of Secondary Schools. Questionnaire for Students of Secondary Schools. DATA COLLECTION The investigator started data collection process w.e.f 5th January, 2008 by visiting each sampled school and administering the questionnaire in person. It took about three months to collect data from the selected sample. The response rate was 100 percent. DATA ANALYSIS Data collected through above-mentioned instruments were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted category-wise as principals, teachers and students. To analyze the data, chi square and percentage were used. For statistical treatment chi-square was applied using the following formula: = (Garrett, 1997) On the basis of the analysis and interpretation of data, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made. RESULTS This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data. The data collected through research instruments were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted in the light of the objectives of the study by using chi-square. The above tables indicate the demographic position of public managed schools. The academic and professional qualifications of both heads and teachers of public sector schools are better. The average enrollment per sampled school of public sector was 158. Average teacher student ratio in public schools was 1:70.. Table 2 indicates that the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 values for all six administrative aspects of public schools head are greater than the critical value at 0.05 levels. Involvement of staff in decision making differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Head likes to be a part of team with leading teachers does not differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. The aspect of well organization of tasks was found differed significantly in favour of public heads in the category of strongly disagree. The fair selection procedure for recruitment of teachers differed significantly in favour of public schools. The coordination among the administrative staff differed significantly in does not favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Whereas, the teachers having command over subject matter differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Job security for teachers is ensured Lesson planning is done by teachers regularly. Attention is given to the character building of students. Teachers are well prepared before taking the class. The students compete well with the students. School environment is suitable for teaching. Table 3 exhibits that the obtained à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 value is greater than the critical value at 0.05 levels as the frequency of responses of public and schools heads about four aspects. Ensuring job security for teachers differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agrees. Teachers having command over teaching methodology differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Giving attention to the character building of students differ significantly. School providing quality education differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agrees. Students competing well with other students do not differ significantly. Keeping schools environment suitable for teaching differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. CONCLUSION On the basis of interpretation and finding of data following conclusion were drawn The demographic data of study revealed that private sector schools had actually less number of students and teachers at secondary level as compared to public sector schools. The results of 10th class students in boards examinations of private schools were better than government schools. With respect to ownership of building almost 98% public sector schools had their own buildings while majority of private schools were running in rented buildings. In public schools, student teacher ratio was higher than private schools. The quality of education is the most burning issue of the day. Administration is considered to be the most important ingredient of any organization, for it serves as the asset for the most previous assets of the nations which are educational institutions. The entire study revealed that heads of private sector secondary schools were better than heads of public sector secondary schools regarding involvement of other staff in decision making, keeping themselves as a part of team while leading them and carrying out the tasks in a well- organized fashion. But the heads of public sector secondary schools were more qualified academically as well as professionally having more administrative experience as compared to private sector secondary schools heads. It is no more rhetoric but a time tested reality that destiny of the nations is shaped in classrooms. It means that teachers are the central figure in education system of any country. The present research found that teachers of public secondary schools were more qualified academically as well as professionally having command over teaching methodology as compared to the teachers of private secondary schools. Head teachers management aspects were found better in privately managed schools for the aspects of becoming a part of team well arranged tasks, and coordination among administrative staff. Whereas the aspects of involving staff in decision making, keeping selection procedure fair, and observing teachers command over subject matter were found dominant in public sector schools. The quality of education is intrinsically integrated and directly proportional to the quality of infrastructure. The physical facilities hold paramount position in educational institutions. It was found that position of physical facilities was better in public secondary schools than in private secondary schools with respect to buildings, libraries, play grounds, furniture while position of private sector secondary schools was better in availability of computer labs and gas facilities. The quality of education also owes a lot to the quality of supervision. It was found head teachers of private schools were better for having observing timing, and maintaining teacher student ratio. Whereas arranging sports and game, keeping fair assessment procedure and merit based admission were found dominant at public sector schools management. RECOMMENDATIONS On the basis of analysis of data, findings and conclusions the following recommendations are offered. The enrollment of students was higher in public sector than private sector. It is therefore recommended to establish more schools in the public sector. School mapping kept in mind before establishing new schools. The heads and teachers of schools should take such necessary actions which may help to raise academic standard of these schools. The heads of public schools should take serious consideration of the problem of their low pass percentage. Teachers of public schools may be made accountable for their poor result in examinations. They must also be rewarded with incentives for showing good results. Teachers of both systems should be given opportunities for regular in-service training in order to improve their teaching methodology. Libraries of public and private schools should be kept well maintained and all necessary books be available and students and teachers should be encouraged to get benefit from their library. All necessary educational facilities such as well maintained buil dings; science laboratories with standardized apparatus and needed audio visual aids be provided and maintained by school management. Teachers should be encouraged to make use of A.V. aids more and more to make teaching process more effective. The school curriculum should be updated according to the emerging needs of the society and it should be revised regularly. The study indicates that due consideration was not given to merit in student admission procedure. Merit should be the sole consideration for entry to private institutions. Access to higher education, is recommended to base on entry tests that measure the aptitude and ability of suitable candidates for higher learning. The services of National Testing Service be utilized for construction of valid and reliable tests at secondary level. AUTHORS INFORMATION Dr. Sajjad Hayat Akhtar Dr. Muhammad Naseer-Ud-Din Dr. Ali Murtaza Dr Hafiz HameedUllah

Essay examples --

The Blind Watchmaker In 1986, Richard Dawkins, an eminent ethologist and evolutionary biologist, published a three-hundred-plus page refutation of William Paley’s watchmaker analogy. The writing itself is thorough, elegant, and forceful. Dawkins possesses what is possibly the most blunt yet poetic scientific writing style that exists, sometimes even quoting pieces of poetry and literature in his writings. While previous works such as The Selfish Gene and The Ancestor’s Tale were scientific masterpieces unto themselves, the insights contained in The Blind Watchmaker are among some of the most important and impressive ever offered by a human being. In writing this paper, it was difficult to decide exactly what to highlight; the book itself is dense, although that’s not necessarily a hindrance to its effectiveness. A good place to start would probably be Paley’s watchmaker analogy itself. To paraphrase, Paley asks you to imagine stubbing your toe in the middle of a grassy field. If you asked yourself how the stone got there, you might just assume it had always been there. However, if you were to stumble upon a watch in that same field, you would not assume the same. You would suppose that at some point in time, a watchmaker designed and created it for a purpose. Paley goes on to explain that â€Å"every indication of contrivance, every manifestation of design, which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature† (Dawkins 5). To strengthen his argument, life is immensely more complex than a watch. The crux of Paley’s argument was the eye, and in his work Natural Theology he compares it to the man -made telescope. On its face, this appears to be a strong, scathing argument against the natural appearance of life, but the analogy begins... ...rking on randomly mutating, self-replicating creatures in order to create the variety and abundance of life on our planet is surely one of the greatest revelations mankind has ever produced. Chemistry and physics alone are capable of colluding and eventually creating not just life, but sentience, intelligence - no divine nudge necessary. That’s not to say that this idea is entirely original to Dawkins (David Hume was capable of constructing an argument against design by only philosophizing), but that doesn’t diminish the accomplishment this book represents. While many freethinkers out there disagree with his tactics and approach as a proselytizing atheist, he’s certainly earned a level of frustration. In The Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins has done all the footwork for us already. We need only open its pages and utilize the relatively large brains that nature has given us.

Slaters Investigation

Aim. The aim of this investigation is to find out how Slaters react to an increase or decrease of the temperature in its surroundings. Hypothesis The speed of the Slaters will increase when the temperature of its environment is increased or decreased from its preferred range, so it ensures that they spend less time in unfavorable conditions to avoid desiccation. Method 1. This experiment is done using a water bath to change and control the temperature being trialed.The water bath will have a lid on it in order to keep the light intensity and humidity as constant as possible. 2. Ice and warm water would be used to the temperatures being trialed in this experiment. The temperature range that I am going to be using is 10Â °C,15Â °C,20Â °C,25Â °C,30Â °C. The temperature will be controlled between each Slater test by measuring the temperature of the water with a thermometer and adjusting the temperature to ensure that each Slater test is accurate and fair.The light intensity and humi dity of the environment would be monitored throughout the experiment. 3. A beaker with a piece of paper stuck to the bottom of it will be placed into the water bath once the water bath have adjusted to the temperature being trialed. In order for the test to be accurate, I would give the beaker and paper 2 minutes to adjust to the temperature that I am trialing before putting the slater in it. 4.Starting with the temperature at 10Â °C, I would draw a dot at the center of the paper in the beaker as a starting point. Each Slater will have 60 seconds and I will start once the slater have touched the dot on the paper. In order to measure the distance that the Slater have travelled in that 60 seconds, I will mark the position of the Slater every time it turns direction of movement in each test, at the end of each Slater test the markings would then be joined together to show the complete trail of the Slater

The eNotes Blog Fact in Fiction The Top 20 Harry Potter SpellsDeciphered

Fact in Fiction The Top 20 Harry Potter SpellsDeciphered With the release of the last Harry Potter book,  Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Potterheads everywhere can rejoice in one final installation of this epic tale. We used this as a chance to revisit some of the most iconic words uttered throughout the series- spells, charms, and curses- and find the root of their meaning. 1. Expecto Patronum A charm that creates a Patronus.  Expecto means I await in Latin, and Patronum means patron. We can surmise that Patronus, Latin for guardian, is what is being awaited. Expecto Patronum = I await a guardian. 2. Accio A charm that summons an object.  Accio simply means summon in Latin. Accio = summon. 3. Wingardium Leviosa A charm that makes objects fly.  This one is a sort of pseudo-Latin.  Wing can simply be taken from the English word, and  levis is Latin for lightweight. Together, these words make sense in a charm that makes things fly. 4.  Expelliarmus A charm that disarms ones opponent.  Expello  means to banish and  arma is Latin for weapons. Expelliarmus = to banish weapons. 5.  Lumos A spell that creates light at the tip of the casters wand.  Lumen is simply Latin for light. Lumos = light. 6.  Alohomora A charm that opens locked objects. J.K Rowling claims that  alohomora is a West African word meaning friendly to thieves. It seems to make perfect sense, since what thieves wouldnt want a door unlocked? 7.  Avada Kedavra A curse that murders ones  opponent. Avada Kedavra  seems to actually be the Aramaic form of the infamous phrase abracadabra, meaning let the thing be destroyed. 8.  Sectumsempra A spell that inflicts slash wounds.  Sectus  is Latin for cut up and  semper is Latin for always. Sectumsempra = always cut up. 9.  Obliviate A charm that erases memories. From the Medieval Latin word  obliviscor, which means to forget, obliviate literally means forget. 10.  Riddikulus A spell used to defeat a Boggart. Riddikulus seems to be a made-up spelling of the Latin word  ridiculus, which means the same as  ridiculous in English. This in itself is derived from  rideo, which means to laugh at or to smile. 11.  Imperio A curse that allows the caster to control a person.  Imperio is Latin for command. As a curse giving total control over someone, it checks out. Imperio = command. 12.  Petrificus Totalus A curse that paralyzes ones opponent. The Greek  petros means rock or stone, and the Latin  facio means cause to happen. That coupled with the Medieval Latin  totalis or classical Latin  totus, both meaning whole or entire, leaves petrificus totalus meaning to cause the entire thing to turn to stone.   13.  Stupefy A spell that knocks out ones opponent.  Stupeo means to be stunned in Latin, and  fio is Latin for cause to happen. Stupefy = cause someone to be stunned. 14.  Crucio A curse that inflicts torturous  pain on ones opponent.  Crucio literally means torture in Latin. How easy is that? Crucio = torture. 15.  Incendio A spell that starts a fire.  Incendo is Latin for set fire to. Incendio = set fire to. 16.  Aguamenti A charm that shoots water from the tip of ones wand.  Aqua in Latin- or  agua in Spanish- means water, and  augmen  is Latin for  growth. Aguamenti = growing water. 17.  Expulso A charm that makes blocking objects explode.  Ex translates to away in Latin, and  pulso means I strike. Expulso = I strike things away. 18.  Protego A charm that causes a spell to reflect onto its caster. Another direct translation, the Latin word  protego means to cover or  to protect. In this case, it applies to the charms ability to protect the caster. Protego = protect. 19.  Reducto A spell that explodes solid objects.  Reducto means having been reduced in Latin. Contextually, it seems that this applies to the objects being reduced into their most basic form, i.e. they are exploded into much smaller pieces. 20.  Reparo A spell that repairs broken or damaged objects.  Reparo is Latin for restore or renew. Easy, right? Reparo = restore. Need a refresher about the previous books? Check out the Harry Potter novels summary, or read about each book in order: Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Teachers:  Take a look at our Harry Potter lesson plan and teaching unit!

Feckless

Feckless Feckless Feckless By Maeve Maddox A reader has called my attention to a surge in the use of the word feckless in the American press. A Web search garners 1,550,000 hits. Feckless derives from feck, a dialect word possibly formed by a linguistic process called aphaeresis: â€Å"omission of one or more sounds or letters from the beginning of a word.† Examples of aphaeresis include: squire from esquire and coon from raccoon. Feck, which is documented as early as the 14th century, is probably a shortening of the noun effect. Feck is â€Å"energy and gumption.† A person with feck gets things done. When used to refer to a thing, the adjective feckless means, â€Å"valueless, futile, or feeble.† Used to refer to a person or a person’s actions, feckless means, â€Å"lacking energy; weak, helpless.† In modern usage, feckless is used chiefly as a synonym for irresponsible or shiftless. This latter use of feckless is especially common in the British press in headlines and articles relating to social welfare programs: Britains most feckless father? Unemployed dad of 10 is expecting FOUR more children –The Telegraph. Lets get the feckless to buy food not fags and booze –MailOnline. No one would consider her [a young unmarried mother of four children, by two different men, and expecting her fifth] to be anything other than feckless and irresponsible. –The Independent. The Oxfam report – â€Å"Walking The Breadline,† published in June this year, states that half a million people in the UK rely on food banks. Yet the Government puts their fingers in their ears, blaming feckless parenting and scroungers. –The Guardian. Here are some examples in contexts other than discussions of welfare recipients: Given their feckless track record, would you really trust Apple with (even more of) your digital life? –Source uncertain; the comment appears on numerous sites. One striking feature in all three works is how badly the men do; how feckless they are, how treacherous, weepy, self-obsessed and violent. –Review of a collection of three short stories by Bernhard Schlink. Because the usual use of feckless is to describe people or actions lacking in will or responsible purpose, some of the examples I found left me a bit puzzled: Delete a Feckless Effect from Filler Edgar Steele’s Feckless Racism Here are some sure fire home remedies and tips to get rid of your feckless and lifeless hair. The opposite of feckless–feckful (powerful, effective, efficient, vigorous)–is used seriously in an OED citation dated 1568: I culd nocht cumwithout sum gret and fecfull purpois. [I could not comewithout some great and feckful purpose.] Anyone using the positive adjective feckful nowadays would be aiming for humorous effect, as in this 1990 quotation from The New York Times: The unfailingly feckless Bertie Wooster and his valet, the formidably feckful Jeeves. Sometimes feckless is the perfect choice, but sometimes not. Here is a selection of words that might serve better in some contexts: good-for-nothing idle indolent inept irresponsible lazy ne’er-do-well no-account slothful sorry useless worthless David Auburn, playwright and contributor to the Oxford American Writer’s Thesaurus, says this about feckless: The obscene-sounding first syllable gives punch and an air of harsh condemnation to the synonym for irresponsible, conveying â€Å"not merely irresponsible but also unforgivably blithe, and in one’s blitheness, causing great harm.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsRules for Capitalization in TitlesParticular vs. Specific

Corporate Finance Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Finance Assignment - Essay Example Sales increase from year 1 to year 2 by 1.5 times, but in the 3rd year it appears that the sales only increase by 1.33 times, which shows a decline as compared to the previous financial year. Variable cost is included as a percentage of the sales for the month, which is 30% of the sales for the year. All the fixed costs are assumed to be directly attributable to the project and thus are included in the cash flows. As mentioned in the project, the useful life of the facility will be three years, thus it will be depreciated on a straight line basis over three years. Depreciation is a non-cash item, but it is included in the cash flow forecasting because of the tax shield, since depreciation is also tax deductible. In first year, the company will have taxable loss, so it is assumed that the company will have taxable profit in the future, against which this taxable loss will be utilized, resulting in tax savings. Depreciation is added back and the net cash flow is discounted through the use of the required rate of return in order to calculate the Net Present Value. 2. The principal risk of the project There are several principal risks that surround the project. Hi-Tech Industries operates in the technology industry, which is subject to rapid changes in many fields such as standard equipment, operating procedures, and laws and regulation. The project under consideration requires a careful estimation of all the relevant costs and revenues; a misjudgment in the forecast will cause an error in the project net present value, which might result in the acceptance of a project which is not financially viable. The initial capital expenditure must be carefully projected. In order to do so, it is of prime importance that the company obtains quotations from several companies in order to project the current market value of component. An artificially higher price will put a declining effect on the net present value of the project, and an artificially lower price will cause the o pposite. Another risk that is present in the financial appraisal of the project is that the company might not have estimated the correct useful life of the equipment. The IT related hardware and equipment are subject to becoming obsolete at a greater pace as compared to the other kinds, so this risk is present. While making an investment appraisal decision, it is imperative to consider the impact of inflation in the future cash flow. The information provided does not include any relevant information about the price inflation over the three year period, which can significantly impact the expected NPV. The director of the company must also consider the sources from which the financing will be obtained for the investment. Financing decision is significant, as the company would have to pay finance charge to the bank or any other financial institution, and the company must have enough cash flow in the future for the payment of these finance charge. In order to commence any investment ven ture, the director must receive the approval of the shareholders.

Introduction to Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Statistics - Essay Example a) Proportion of affected patients was with the 95% confidence interval for the proportion of stroke patients who become clinically depressed given by . The confidence interval indicates with a confidence coefficient of 0.95 that the true proportion of stroke patients who become clinically depressed lies within this interval. b) To evaluate the claim of the health magazine, we check whether the confidence interval contains 60% of stroke sufferers. Since 0.60 is within the confidence interval, we conclude that the claim by the health magazine is consistent with the observed data (Mendenhall en Sinchich). c) The assumptions for the confidence interval to be valid include large sample size to ensure the validity of the normal approximation. The sample size of 79 is large enough to guarantee the validity of the normal approximation. d) Sample size to be used to achieve a 99% level of confidence that the sample proportion of stroke patients suffering from depression is within 0.025 of the true proportion is computed from the following formula. b) The main assumption for the validity of the confidence interval computed is that the sample should be drawn from a normal distribution or asymptotically, it should tend to a normal distribution. This assumption is violated since from the boxplot, the distribution of the temperature is right skewed. This is evident from the unequal length of whiskers of the boxplot, with a longer whisker for data to the right of the

Globalization case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization - Case Study Example However, this assumption is not true as the social dynamics witnessed in Tunisia has revolutionized this conservative thought and new behaviors have been adopted. As at 2013, 32% of the whole population of Tunisia had taken alcohol by 40 years and this implies that the few existing factories cannot sufficiently meet the existing demand (Angel-Urdinola, 2015, p.112). The company seeks to use this entry market strategy so as to sell its wine and spirits products owing to the cultural and political environment in Tunisia may not be that favorable to set a manufacturing company at the moment. The country is, in most cases, marred with constant violence and interreligious wars animosity (Angel-Urdinola et al., 2015, p.67). The deep-rooted Arabic culture and language may not also favor foreigners who have little or no mastery of this environment. It is, therefore, advantageous if the manufacturing industry is set in a different country and goods supplied to consumers through intermediaries based in Tunisia who understand the diversities of the local market. This strategy will largely help to solve the global local dilemmas that the country is likely to face such as cultural issues, language barriers, lack of raw materials and political interferences among others as the intermediaries are able to come in between the producer and the consumer and facilitate free flow of the products. The agents are able to effectively inform both the buyer and the exporter about issues concerning the products based on first-hand research (Hisrich, 2010, p.98). Tunisia’s policies on trade instruments such as tariffs, quotas and taxes among others simplify the business process. There are limited stringent rules that block foreign investors as the government encourages international investment to promote the economy. There are no meaningful barriers to market

Waiting for Death in `A Rose for Emily` and `Old Ladies Home’ Essay Example for Free

Waiting for Death in `A Rose for Emily` and `Old Ladies Home’ Essay William Faulkner wrote, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† at a time when society was undergoing change. The South had lost the Civil War and the southern people were finding it hard to let go of the past. Emily is the symbolic representation of this resistance to change. She becomes numb emotionally simply carrying out the routine of life without any characteristic resistance while the people around her become onlookers. Similarly, Sylvia Plath’s poem â€Å"Old Ladies Home† relates the dehumanization of the inhabitants. The people in the Home have ceased to exist for the outside world. The women in the Home are existing like insects quiet and without character as the people around them move about, detached and cold. Analysis of the Theme and Symbolism In Faulkner’s short story, Emily, after her father’s death she became a recluse and stopped living. Her life became a part in history and it seemed she and the people around him simply waited for her death. She was described as, †¦a slight woman, though thinner than usual, with cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and about the eye-sockets as imagine a lighthouse-keepers face ought to look (Kirszner, 58). Faulkner shows the concept of death and how death can become a release when life becomes status quo. The reader is told in great detail about the position of Emily and her father in the town and the manner in which their life has changed. In Plath’s poem we read about the ladies wearing black and being ‘sharded’ in it. The words used to describe these women are, â€Å"Sharded in black, like beetles, Frail as antique earthenwear One breath might shiver to bits†¦ Age wears the best black fabric Rust-red or green as lichens. † The decay of the fabric represents the decay of their life. The nurses call them ‘ghosts’ and the beds are said to resemble ‘coffins’. The nature of the Home and the change in their life from youthful to aged shows the contrast of life to death. The concept of death and decay is prevalent in the story by Faulkner as well for he describes the decaying house as an eyesore among eyesores (Kirszner, 55). The decay represents the decay of Emily’s family’s position in society. The decaying body of Homer found after Emily Greison’s death also represents how things can get corrupted when change is not accepted. Emily was so steeped in her life in the past that she could not function in the present. Her father’s death and the death of her fiance caused her to give up on life and start a slow wait for her own death. The words Faulkner used to describe Emily and her situation included the smell and people going to her slunk around while the actual reality of Emily’s life became a tableau for the people of the town shown through the words, â€Å"We had long thought of them as tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door (Kirszner, 57). † Both Plath and Faulkner used the symbols and imagery of decay to show the progress of death. As the story and poem progress, death becomes the ultimate goal. The words and imagery in both the texts shows the frailness of the women. Through a description of the house Faulkner showed the change in Emily’s life. Her house decayed from a mansion to one that became a representation of failure and death. The crumbling walls became a source of fascination for the people and Emily ceased to exist as a person to them, rather she became a representation of the past [Allen, 1984]. The townspeople did not try to reach out or help her, they just focused on her life in fascination. Plath too, created a picture of the old women as decaying objects rather than human beings. They are described as insects and their progression towards death becomes inevitable. The words, ‘The old women creep out here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are used to describe them and the word ‘creep’ is similar to Faulkner’s use of ‘slink’ to show the dehumanization of Emily and the others view of her as a symbol rather than a human. We see Plath go on to write, ‘Needles knit in a bird-beaked Counterpoint to their voices: Sons, daughters, daughters and sons, Distant and cold as photos†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The relationship between the women and their relatives is similar to the one Emily had with the townspeople. There was no warmth or love between them and the only connection was one of the past. The women’s relatives came out of a sense of obligation and duty and the visits were like looking at old photographs with no feelings. Like Faulkner writes, â€Å"Thus she passed from generation to generation dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse (Faulkner, 5), Emily’s life stood still. Her relationship with the world at large became stagnant and there was nothing to associate her life with being alive. Similarly, Plath [2009] uses the words, Age wears the best black fabric, to show how the women have stopped living and are in a constant state of mourning. They cling to every morsel of life and their very fragility shows the fragile threads of life and death. Conclusion: As we have seen Plath and Faulkner both wrote about the decay of life and the approach of death. They focused on the slow decomposition of human life physically and emotionally and how people become a ghost of their old selves as death approaches. However, while conceptually the similarities in the two texts may seem extraordinary there is a basic difference between these two narrations. Faulkner, wrote more of the decay and destruction of life figuratively, and how through the resistance to change humans become corrupted in their life. He wrote more of the death of a way of life, creating Emily and her life as a symbol of societal change. Plath, on the other hand discussed death in the physical concept. She presented the decomposition of human life and the loss of individuality as the progress of old age becomes eminent. The ladies in the poem were waiting for their death and had become mere shells of their former body. This stark contrast between the two texts creates a broader theme which suggests that without change human life ceases to exist and with the decay of the human body, life is but a wait for death. References: Allen, Dennis W. Horror and Perverse Delight: Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Modern Fiction Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4, Winter 1984, pp. 685-96. Plath, Sylvia Old Ladies Home accessed April 20, 2009 http://www. angelfire. com/tn/plath/home. html Kirszner, Laurie G. , and Stephen R. Mandell. A Rose for Emily. Fort Worth. Harcourt, 1997.